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Sulayman Pasha al-Adil
Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (died August 1819; given name also spelled ''Suleiman'' or ''Sulaiman'') was the Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from his Acre headquarters between 1805 and 1819. He also simultaneously served as governor of Damascus Eyalet between 1810 and 1812. He was a mamluk of his predecessor, Jezzar Pasha. His rule was associated with decentralization, a reduction of Acre's military, and limits to his predecessors' cotton monopoly. Moreover, he oversaw a policy of non-interference with his deputy governors, such as Muhammad Abu-Nabbut and Mustafa Agha Barbar, and diplomacy with the autonomous sheikhs of the various Levantine regions where he held authority, including Emir Bashir Shihab II and Musa Bey Tuqan. He exercised control over his domain largely through depending on the loyalty of his his deputies, who also had been mamluks of Jezzar. In effect, Sulayman Pasha presided over the world's last functioning mamluk system.〔Winter, 2004, p. (332 )〕
==Mamluk of Jezzar==
Sulayman Pasha was of Georgian origin and was purchased as a mamluk (slave soldier) by Jezzar Pasha either while the latter was in Egypt or in his first years in Syria in the 1770s. He became a member of Jezzar's inner circle, which was composed of other mamluks including Ali Agha Khazindar, Salim Pasha al-Kabir (died in 1786) and Salim Pasha al-Saghir.〔Winter, 2004, pp. (319 )–320.〕 When Jezzar was appointed Wali of Damascus in 1785, the Sublime Porte also appointed Mikdad Pasha as Wali of Tripoli. Jezzar then lobbied to replace the latter with Sulayman, who was appointed later that year.〔Cohen, 1973, p. ( 68 )〕 Sometime afterward, Sulayman was appointed by Jezzar as the ''mutasallim'' (tax farmer and enforcer) of Sidon.〔Winter, 2004, pp. (327 )–328.〕
Sulayman took part in the mamluk rebellion against Jezzar in 1789, allowing Sidon to be used as a headquarters for the rebellion. On 3 June, Sulayman and Salim Pasha al-Saghir, with some 1,200 of their troops, attempted to capture Acre from Jezzar. On the plains outside of the city, a battle was fought, although cannon fire from Acre's artillery forced Sulayman's troops to disperse.〔 Sulayman and Salim fled to Mount Lebanon and from there to Damascus in a bid to raise a new army. The revolt personally offended Jezzar since he treated Sulayman and Salim deferentially, guaranteed their careers and allowed them to grow wealthy.〔Winter, 2004, p. (329 )〕 In 1801, Sulayman reestablished ties with Jezzar, who welcomed his return warmly, treating him "like a lost son", according to historian Michael Winter.〔Winter, 2004, p. (320 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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